The Volga is
the largest river in Europe in terms of length, discharge, and watershed. It flows through central Russia, and
is widely viewed as the national river of Russia. Out of the twenty largest cities of Russia, eleven, including the capital Moscow,
are situated in the Volga's drainage
basin. Some of the largest reservoirs in the world can be found along the Volga. The
river has a symbolic meaning in Russian
culture and is often referred to as Volga-Matushka (Volga-mother) in Russian literature and folklore.
The downstream of the Volga,
widely believed to have been a cradle of the Proto-Indo-European civilization,
was settled by Huns and other Turkic peoples in the first millennium AD,
replacing Scythians. The ancient scholar Ptolemy of Alexandria mentions the lower
Volga in his Geography (Book 5, Chapter 8, 2nd Map of Asia). He calls it the
Rha, which was the Scythian name for the river. Ptolemy believed the Don and
the Volga shared the same upper branch, which flowed from the Hyperborean
Mountains.
Subsequently, the river
basin played an important role in the movements of peoples from Asia to Europe.
A powerful polity of Volga Bulgaria once flourished where the Kama river joins
the Volga, while Khazaria controlled the lower stretches of the river. Such
Volga cities as Atil, Saqsin, or Sarai were among the largest in the medieval
world. The river served as an important trade route connecting Scandinavia,
Rus', and Volga Bulgaria with Khazaria and Persia.
The Volga, widened for
navigation purposes with construction of huge dams during the years of Joseph
Stalin's industrialization, is of great importance to inland shipping and
transport in Russia: all the dams in the river have been equipped with large
(double) ship locks, so that vessels of considerable dimensions can actually
travel from the Caspian Sea almost to the upstream end of the river.
Connections with the Don
River and the Black Sea are possible through the Volga–Don Canal. Connections
with the lakes of the north (Lake Ladoga, Lake Onega), Saint Petersburg and the
Baltic Sea are possible through the Volga–Baltic Waterway; and a liaison with
Moscow has been realised by the Moscow Canal connecting the Volga and the
Moskva rivers.
This infrastructure has been
designed for vessels of a relatively large scale (lock dimensions of 290 x 30
meters on the Volga, slightly smaller on some of the other rivers and canals)
and it spans many thousands of kilometers. A number of formerly state-run, now
mostly privatized, companies operate passenger and cargo vessels on the river;
Volgotanker, with over 200 petroleum tankers, is one of them.
In the later Soviet era, up
to the modern times, grain and oil have been among the largest cargo exports
transported on the Volga. Until recently access to the Russian waterways was granted
to foreign vessels on a only very limited scale. The increasing contacts
between the European Union and Russia have led to new policies with regard to
the access to the Russian inland waterways. It is expected that vessels of
other nations will be allowed on the Russian rivers soon.
Fishing.
By the way. Russian
President Dmitry Medvedev (R) and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin enjoy some
fishing on the river Volga in Russia's Astrakhan region August 16, 2011.
Russia's two top leaders spent Tuesday fishing and boating on the Volga river
in a rare, day-long private meeting, the Kremlin said. Medvedev and Putin went
for a walk on the river bank in the Astrakhan region in southern Russia, did
some spin fishing and then set off for a boat trip to take underwater pictures.
Picture taken August 16, 2011.